US-Japan Trade Imbalance
The imbalance in US-Japan trade has been speculated upon by various economists throughout the last several decades to ascertain the reasons and the influence of such on the economies of both countries. Depending upon the perspective of the imbalance, whether viewed from the Japanese side or the American side, there are questions that are raised and answers which must be sought.
There are doubtless many reasons for this imbalance, but some of the more easily explained of these can be highlighted here.
Labor Cost
One of the biggest differences in the two countries in terms of the production of merchandise, products and services is the level of labor cost. In japan this cost is significantly lower and that creates a situation where the end product can be created at a lower net cost than a comparable products produced in the US. Further exacerbations to this imbalance are created by the close proximity of Japanese based businesses with even cheaper labor from mainland China and Taiwan, making it very cheap to import parts for assembly in Japanese factories.
While US businesses also have the same access to the cheap labor force in Eastern countries, the shipping costs of parts is greater. Add to this the fact that the business relationships with certain Chinese and Taiwanese manufacturers may be sealed by Japanese companies and not accessible by their US counterparts.
Work Ethic
Another possible cause of the inequality of in trade between Japan and the US could be located in the work ethic of the workforce in the two countries. Studying the Japanese work ethic will reveal a highly motivated and dedicated workforce that are proud of the company they work for and work harder and more diligently than their American counterparts. This issue may be argued by some, but even though some US companies are adopting similar motivational strategies as those employed in Japanese companies, the effect on the workforce is not as potent.
There may be no ready solution to this difference as it goes down to cultural and traditional levels that are difficult to break down. The facts cannot be argued so easily, but attempts can certainly be made to try and close the gap between the differences in work ethic between the two countries. How successful these attempts will be depends on good management skills and education of the workforce to the advantages of higher output and quality control in order to compete on a level playing field.
Further Reading:
Below are links to helpful websites that can provide more information on the trade differences between the US and Japan as well as related topics on internations trade and commerce.
- The Office of Japan and Korea of the U.S. Department of Commerce: Useful information on breaking down trade and investment barriers and helpful insights into the workings of trade agreements
- Statistics Bureau and the Director-General for Policy Planning of Japan: English language version of the Japanese website dealing statistical information related to international trade. Contains pages looking at the agreements it has with the US and is an interesting read from Japan's point of view
- Business in Japan: Good source of information about doing business in Japan. Includes a country profile, economic data, business hours, making business contacts, corporate structure etc
- Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry: This is the central commercial organization in Japan that all city chambers of commerce in Japan belong to. The website provides information about international trade opportunities, Japanese companies seeking foreign trading partners along with foreign companies seeking Japanese trading partners
- Japanese Patent Office: This site provides information about industrial property rights, property rights policies, and patent statistics in Japan and is available in both English and Japanese versions
- JETRO: Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) homepage. This website collects and provides information about doing business with Japan and provides Japanese market information, a Japan trade directory, guides to exporting to Japan, facts on economic relations between US and Japanese businesses etc
- Tokyo Stock Exchange: A useful place to peruse when seeking information about publicly traded companies, stocks, bonds, indices, market data, and investment statistics in Japan and it is available in English and Japanese
- International Chamber of Commerce: This website provides policy statements, guidelines, codes, and rules for business practices in advertising/marketing, business law, e-commerce, the environment, intellectual property, etc pertaining to international trade and commerce